Wednesday, February 26, 2014

Scholorships and Special Financial Govt Facilities available for OBC’s and Minorities

India is a beautiful country with diverse cultures, languages and races. The strength of India depends upon unity in diversity. Every system is as strong as its weakest link. Hence for a strong India, the minorities should be empowered, strengthened and brought to main stream. Only education can empower minorities and OBCs to share the fruit of development and play a lead role in Nation building.   So government of India and state governments have come forward with various scholarships and loan schemes to help the minorities, Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe  and OBC students. The main concern today is these scheme reaching the right people. In today’s talk I will be  concentrating on minorities and OBCs.  These schemes come under prime minister’s 15 point programmes for the welfare of minorities. The schemes are carried out through the state directorate of minorities. The important schemes are as follows:
1.       Pre Metric Scholarships for primary students
(1) Students who have scored above 50% in the previous final examination may apply.
(2) The annual income of the students’ parents / guardian from all sources should not exceed Rs.1 lakh.
Documents to be enclosed (attached) with the application
(i) Photo of the student must be pasted on the first page of this application.
(ii) Xerox Copy of the “ Caste & Income Certificate” issued by Tahsildar
                                                 or
 Original Affidavit on non-judicial stamp paper of Rs.20/- as per the format given. Last date to apply is July 31. Applicattions can be down loaded from the website www.momascholarship.gov.in

2.  Post Metric Scholarships 
Students studying in   PUC and above  except professional courses can apply. They must have
       Minimum 50% in previous class
        Family ncome Income less than 2 lakhs
        Enclose attested copy of Income Certificate issued by Tahsildar or Original Income Affidavit on a Non-Judicial Stamp paper of Rs.20/-
       The students who have been sanctioned scholarship for 2011-12 are eligible to apply for renewal for 2012-13,
       A xerox copy of the receipt for having paid the School/College fee should be enclosed along with the application
       Applicant who applies for both fresh & renewal of Scholarship should indicate their nationalized Saving Bank full account number along with the Bank’s IFSC code number so that the Scholarship amount can directly to be transferred to the students account through online transfer.  The student should register only once for online Scholarship. If there is any mistake while submitting online application it should be brought to the notice of the Directorate of Minorities. Corrections will be done at Directorate of Minorities office only.
       Last date  for submission is 30th September. 
Procedure to apply for Scholarship
  1. The eligible students must log on to www.momascholarship.gov.in  or www.minorityaffairs.gov.in & fill in the ONLINE APPLICATIONS.
  2. In home page click on Post-Matric Scholarship.
  3. Student should go to "Student Registration" to fill in the ONLINE APPLICATION.
  4. Student should read the instruction/guidelines given in the "Student Registration" before filling online application.
  5. After filling the online application, students are advised to reconfirm the details entered & only then submit the online application. Once you submit the online application then you will not be able to edit it.
  6. After submitting the online application , student will get an option to print the form. The student should take the printout of the duly filled application form & submit the same along with all the required documents duly certified by the principal of the concerned College/Institution & submit/post it to the Directorate of Minorities , 20 th Floor, V.V.Towers, Dr.B.R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore –560001, on or before the last date fixed for submission of online applications (Hard Copies).
  7. The student  will not be considered for Scholarship if the Directorate of Minorities does not receive the hard copy of your application. It is the responsibility of the STUDENT to submit the hard copy to the Directorate of Minorities, Bangalore, either by post or in person.
Documents to be Enclosed
  1. Photocopy of 10 th Std. Marks Card & previous year marks card /semesters mark card.
  2. Photocopy of Income Certificate issued by the Tahsildar or Income Affidavit in a Non-judicial Stamp paper of Rs.20/-in original.
  3. Photocopy of the fee receipt for the current year.
  4. Two (2) Passport size photos.
  5. A Xerox copy of the Bank Pass Book (1st Page) indicating A/C No. & IFSC Code etc.


3.       MERIT-CUM-MEANS SCHOLARSHIP 2012-13
This scholarship is for  the students belonging to the minority communities pursuing
          Engineering & Technology Courses (B.E., B.Tech., M.E., M.Tech., MCA)
          Medicine & Paramedical (MBBS,BUMS,BAMS,BHMS,MD,BPT,MPT,BOT,MOT,B.Sc. Nursing, M.Sc Nursing, BDS, MDS)
          Fashion Technology  (B.FTech, M.FTech)
          Management  (MBA, PGDM, PGCM, Exec-PGDM)
          Pharmacy  (B.Pharma, M.Pharma)
          Architecture & Design (B.Arch, ID, BCT, PL, PGD)
          Hotel Management  (BHM & CT)
          Applied Arts & Craft ( APD, FA, FAD)
          Veterinary Science (B.V.Sc., & A.H.PG)
          Chartered Accountancy (CA)
          Institute of Cost and work Accountancy (ICWA)
Company Secretary (CS) and Law (LLB,LLM
Conditions for Scholarship:
1.       To be eligible for applying scholarship,  students should have scored not less than 50% marks in the previous year’s final examination.
The annual income of the student's parents/ guardian from all sources should not exceed Rs. 2.5 Lakhs. Enclose attested copy of Income Certificate issued by Tahsildar or Original Income Affidavit
2.       Every applicant who applies for renewal of scholarship should Indicate their  SB Account Number along with the bank's IFSC Code Number & full bank address in the ONLINE application so that the scholarship can directly be transferred to the account through ECS.
3.       The student should register only once for online Scholarship. If there is any mistake while submitting online application it should be brought to the notice of the Director. Corrections will be done at Directorate office only.
4.       Applications received after last date will not be considered (Except Renewals).
5.       Incomplete Application and Incomplete documents will not be considered.
6.       If student is having any back logs in any semester he/she is not eligible.
  1. Apply through the Principal of the College by 31-8-12
4.       Maulana Azad National Scholarship for Girls
Eligibility criterion/who can apply
1 This scholarship is for girls studying in 11th std . They Should have secured not less than 55% marks (in aggregate) in the secondary school certificate examination (Class xth) conducted by any recognized Centre/State Board of Secondary Education...more
2.       Family income of the  student from all sources should be less than Rs. 1,00,000/-(Rupees one lakh only) in the preceding financial year.
  1. Should have Confirmed admission in class-XI.
  2. The University/College/ Institute offering admission should be recognized by the Government at the Central or State level or any other competent authority.
  3. It is one time scholarship, and no claim as permanent beneficiary will be entertained. from any other source would not be eligible for this Scholarship Student once selected for scholarship can not avail the same again.
5.       National Overseas Schlorship Scheme:
Government has introduced a scheme to provide financial assistance to minority students for persuing higher studies abroad in Masters degree , Ph D and post doctoral studies in prestigious Foreign Universities through the directorate of Minorities Government of Karnataka. The applicant should be first class and below the age of 38. The income limit of the candidate and parents should be less than 4 lakhs per annum.  Financial assistance  5 laks to 10 laks is available.  Normally July is the time to apply.

6.       Maulana Azad National Fellowship for Minority students:
The objective of this scheme is to provide fellowship in the form of financial assistance to the students from minority communities pursuing higher studies such as M Phil and Ph D. The candidates those who have 50% marks in post graduation can apply for the fellowship after getting admission for the course. The rate of fellowship is at par with UGC JRF of SRF fellowship. This scheme Is advertised by UGC every year.
7.       National Merit Cum Means scholarship scheme for OBC and economically weaker section.

This scheme is proposed by the MHRD to award scholarships to the meritorious students belonging to weaker section of the society.  The students studying in 8th std of Government of aided school can apply for this. There is state level exam in the second week of November.  Selected students are given scholarships 500 rupees per month till they complete 12th standard.  The students whose parents income is less than 1.5 laks can avail this benefit.






8.       Free Coaching for Minority and OBC  students
There is remedial coaching scheme for minority  ans OBC students in the colleges. UGC is paying rupees 5 hundred per hour to the resource persons. The respective college has to apply for this scheme.
 Govt of India arranges coaching through recognised insitutions for coaching for the exams for group A services like IAS and IPS, group B and C services and coaching for entrance exam to professional colleges.  In addition to the fees of the institution, stipend of rupees 1500 per month for out station students and rupees 750 for the local students is paid by the ministry Govt of India. Similar schemes are there for S.C\S.T and OBCs also.
9.      Financial Grant(Protsaha dana) from Karnataka State Government.
Financial Grant(Protsaha dana) from Karnataka State Government as follows.

  1. PUC-Rs 3000 PA
Degree Rs-4000 PA
3. P.G- Rs 5000 PA
2.       Minimum 50%  marks in previous year
3.        Family income should be less than  2 laks,   attested copy of Income Certificate issued by Tahsildar or Original Income Affidavit must be attached.
  1. Application forms are  available in Minority Welfare  Department.
  2. Apply through the Principal of the College .
There are separate application forms for Christians and others. Christians are paid from Christian Development council.
10.   Educational Incentives through Karnataka Backward Class department
Through this department hostels are run for pre metric, post metric, professional and post graduate studies. The department takes care of boarding and lodging expenses.  IN this academic year 50 post metric, 27 professional and 12 post graduate hostels are newly opened.
The OBC  students of primary are paid rupees 500, high school boys are paid  rupees 600 and high school girls are paid rupees 1000 per year. The families whose income is less than 3.5 lakhs can avail these benefits in Karnataka.
There are also Moraji Desai residential school and PU Colleges for minorities and OBC students.

  The purpose of these schemes is to integrate minorities and OBCs into the main stream. But many a times these schemes do not reach the target group. All the facilities are cornered by the upper level of these communities and poor remain where they are.  It is the responsibilities of NGOs and community organisations to see that the facilities reach the needy.  But it is a pity that the members to the committees of these welfare programme are appointed on the basis of political affiliation.  These members have become the mouth pieces of the political parties and work for their own benefit rather than the benefit of the community.

    There are also problems in On line applications specially in post metric. The internet centres are charging heavy fees as most of the people have no internet in their homes.  The names of many colleges and the names of courses are missing. The directorate of minorities should rectify the errors. 

Terrestrial gamma radionuclides and radon concentration in and around Udupi region

1.    Introduction

1.1 Sources of background radiation

            Human beings constantly and all along are exposed to ionising radiations exiting in nature.  These natural background radiations have both terrestrial and extraterrestrial origin.  The extraterrestrial radiation is largely due to cosmic rays. Earth's atmosphere is continuously bombarded with high energy cosmic rays which originate from our own cosmos.  The primary interaction of high energy cosmic rays with the atmosphere produce numerous secondary radiations in the form of neutrons and protons of various energies which in turn produce a variety of radionuclides through nuclear reactions with nitrogen, oxygen and other nuclei in atmosphere and through other processes.  In addition, sub atomic particles like mesons, muons and electrons are also produced. 

            The terrestrial sources of radiation can be divided into those that occur singly and those that are components of the three chains of radioactive series namely the uranium series, the thorium series and the actinium series. Among the singly occurring radionuclides Potassium-40 with half life of 1.3X109 years is the most prominent one and it is widely distributed in rocks and soil.  The radionuclide Rubedium-87 which is another singly occurring radionuclide is of secondary importance.  40K is fairly abundent forming about 0.012% of total K, and is widely distributed in environmental martix.  Moreover, K is an essential element for most life forms.  In addition, 40K contributes significantly to gamma radiation in the environment.  No significant fractionation of 40K takes place in the environment so that the radioactivity of 40K is almost constant  under  all  conditions.  Since the abundance of 40K is 0.012%, 1 kg of soil contains about 2.36 mg of radioactive 40K.

            Uranium-238 and Thorium-232 and their daughters generate the bulk of natural ionising radiation in our environment.  Uranium-238 is the head of a series of 15 principal radionuclides .  It is the most abundant (99.28%) isotope of natural uranium and is found in all rocks and soil with varied concentration. The 238U decays through 234U and 230Th to 226Ra, which has a relatively long half life of 1628 years.  226Ra and its daughter products constitute an important part of natural radiation exposure.  About 98% of the external dose from uranium series is delivered by 226Ra and its daughter products. The 226Ra is distributed in soil in varying concentration.  Its concentration in soil of normal background region varies from 2.59 Bq kg-1 to 140.6 Bq kg-1 covering two orders of magnitude, because of the wide range of soil characteristics.

            The other major source of terrestrial radiation is 232Th and its decay products. Thorium-232 is the only long lived radionuclide in its chain and is widely distributed in rocks and soil in varied concentration.  The 232Th content of igneous rocks is about four times the uranium content, but since the specific activity of 232Th is 2.97 Bq g-1 compared to 8.92 Bq g-1 238U, the radioactivity due to the two nuclides is nearly 1:1.  The 232Th (T1/2=1.4X1010 years) decays to 228Ra (T1/2 = 5.76 years) by alpha emission.  Radium-228 is a beta emitter and has considerable significance in environmental radioactivity studies.  All the daughters of 228Ra are short lived.  One of the daughter products 220Rn, is a radioactive gas.  But it has short half life 55 sec. and therefore the emanation of 220Rn is significantly less compared to 222Rn.

            The radioactive decay of 40K and radionuclides of 238U and 232Th series give rise to the terrestrial gamma rays.  The average outdoor terrestrial absorbed dose rate in air from gamma radiation was found to be 44 nGy h-1 and the relative contribution of 40K, 238U and 232Th are about 35%, 25% and 40% respectively (UNSCEAR 1982). There are regions in the world where the out door terrestrial radiation exceed substantially from the normal variability ranges due to the enrichment of certain radioactive minerals leading to the formation of what are known as high background areas. The presence of high background areas have been reported in several countries like China, Iran, Germany, USA, Brazil and India.


1.2 Artificial radionuclides

The open air nuclear weapon tests and operation of nuclear power reactors are the major sources of artificial radionuclides.  Among the several hundred radionuclides produced by nuclear explosions, only 90Sr(T1/2=28.6 years), 137Cs(T1/2=30.2 years) and 131I((T1/2=131 days) contribute significantly to human exposure. 

2. Objectives

The research programme envisaged in this project have following objectives:
  • To evaluate the gamma radiation dose to the population of Udupi district
  • To measure the concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil/sand and
  • To calculate the contribution of cosmic radiation to the radiation dose received by the population

3. Results:  
3.1 Dosage  Rates:
                                                 
Udupi Taluk  Table-1
Sl No
Place
Reading
1
Physics Department
14.
2.
College Ground
12
3
Kallianpur
12
4
Near Swarna River
12
5
Doopada Katte(Brahmavar)
10
6
Brahmavar( Brahmavar Chemicals)
10
7
UppinaKote
11
8
Mabukala ( Near River)
8
9
Saligrama
8
10
Kota
8
11
Bannadi
10
12
Girike Mata
11
13
Saibra Katte
12
14
Barkur
10
15
Yedthady
18
16
Near Mandharthi
24
17
Mandharthi
11
18
Kadoor
10
19
Kokkarne
12
20
Sural
12
21
Amuje(Karje)
9
22
Kannaru(Near Karje)
14
23
Petri
13
24
Cherkadi
11


25
Ammuje (Near Karje)-2
9
26
Chantharu
10
27
Brahmavar(Near West Cost Chemicals)
13
28
Kolalgiri
12
29
Tenkabettu
13
30
SubasNagar
13
31
Pajaka
13
32
Padubelle
13
33
Manasa
13
34
B.C Road
10
35
Manchakkal
11
36
Bantakkal
10
37
Shankarpura
12
38
Katpady
12
39
Nittur
12
40
Puttur
8
41
Kodavur
11
42
Malpe Beach
8
43
Malpe Beach(Water)
7
44
Malpe Beach(Road)
11
45
Tottam
10
46
Badanidiyur
9
47
Gujjar Bettu
8
48
Hoode Beach
8
49
Kemmannu
11

50
Kelarkalabettu
11

51
Kaup Light House
12

52
Kaup Highway
9

53
Uchila
13

54
Padubidri
8

55
Nandikur(Nagarjuna)
12,

56
Hiriyadka
12

57
Athrady
13

58
Parkala
12

59
Manipal(End Point)
12

60
Perampalli
14


Dosage Rate --  Karkala Taluk     Table  2
Sl No
Place
Readings
1.
Santhoor
10
2
Belman
11
3
Kedinge
10
4
Nitte
9
5
Attur Church(Miraculous Pond)
16
6
Attur Hill
13
7
Anekere
10
8
Gomateshwara Hill
14
9
Kukkundoor
10
10
Jarkala
14
11
Bailur
13
12
Guddeyangadi
13
13





















Dosage Rate in Kundapur Taluk   Table  3
Sl No
Place
Reading
1
Koteshwar
8
2
Kundapur
8
3
Tallur
9
4
Gangolli
13
5
Maravanthe beach
6
6
Marvanthe Temple
13
7
Navunda
8
8
Kambadakone
9
9
Byndoor Hill(Road)
12
10
Byndoor Hill top
11
11
Byndoor Hill Down
10
12.
Anegudde Temple
10
13
Someshwar beach Water
7
14
Someshwar temple
9




3.2:   Radio Nuclides in Soil Samples.
Table    4. Udupi Taluk

Place
K-40
Cs-137
Th-232
Ra-226
Pb-210


1. Kodavoor
21.894±1.22
15.726±0.10
7.759±0.291
10.484±0.272
14.303±1.889


2. Cherkady
65.754±1.98
BD
13.460±0.355
7.837±0.255
5.004±1.89


3.Kakkunje
33.495±1.55
BD
11.334±0.33
12.119±0.28
14.098±2.004


4.Karje
152.97±3.144
1.302±0.11
4.594±0.255
1.882±0.203
17.01±1.83


5.Kukke Halli
35.3±1.50
0.1798±0.108
8.069±0.287
6.39±0.24
6.04±1.707


6.Dupadakatte
37.348±1.62
B.D
15.497±0.38
13.255±0.30
9.477±2.09


7.Kemmannu
109.95±2.54
1.223±0.116
5.668±0.262
3.849±0.211
16.179±1.819


8. Barhmavar Sugar Factory
31.011±1.489
5.437±0.074
8.722±0.300
10.130±0.277
20.590±2.080


9.Kallianpur
57.139±1.920
BD
14.360±0.368
16.450±0.328
14.573±2.16


10.Pamboor
59.840±1.930
BD
12.939±0.354
10.420±0.270
8.620±2.060


11.Shivally
55.147±1.840
0.724±0.131
11.673±0.341
16.54±0.319
20.682±2.17


12.Nejar
58.430±1.960
BD
15.430±0.380
19.060±0.34
22.53±2.44


13. Tenkanidiyur
73.467±2.70
BD
8.879±0.306
5.908±0.248
5.839±1.850


14. Hebri (Near Karje)
61.677±2.540
BD
24.177±0.520
14.830±0.369
13.437±2.870


15. Yedthady
41.780±1.598
BD
6.504±0.270
6.521±0.234
7.201±1.950


16.  Kukkehalli North
43.130±1.697
0.453±0.119
10.115±0.309
8.286±0.260
9.920±0.260


17. Kokkarne
28.050±1.426
2.177±0.127
11.264±0.323
5.819±0.237
30.360±2.060


18.Hebri Nisargadama
80.040±2.190
BD
14.865±0.368
96.850±0.283
10.110±1.970


19. Perampalli
27.833±1.480
3.870±0.167
12.200±0.349
14.666±0.3110
15.090±2.100


20. Herror
39.940±1.590
3.322±0.149
10.250±0.319
16.540±0.319
20.680±2.170


21.Cherkady
82.120±2.510
1.150±0.160
17.100±0.449
8.389±0.311
13.490±2.46


22.Malpe Sand
95.003±2.580
BD
0.950±0.220
1.05±0.180
BD


23. Hoode sand
35.830±1.990
BD
37.730±0.670
17.460±0.420
11.37±3.540


24. Nandikoor
51.330±2.014
BD
2.058±0.479
6.540±0.296
14.530±2.370







Radio Nuclides in Soil Samples of  Karkala Taluk
Table--5

Place
K-40
Cs-137
Th-232
Ra-226
Pb-210


1Nakre
66.30±2.06
BD
36.83±0.548
12.07±0.32
6.18±1.889


2. Ajekar
92.09±2.45
BD
47.36±0.629
22.23±0.39
17.39±3.00


3.Karkala
66.88±2.06
BD
17.67±0.39
15.62±0.39
12.99±2.41


4.Bailur
138.36±2.978
0.534±0.126
13.62±0.36
9.81±0.278
19.10±2.32


5.Nitte
68.13±2.01
1.07±0.121
11.311±0.335
8.657±0.268
9.32±1.86



Radio Nuclides in Soil Samples of  Kundapura Taluk
Table 6

Place
K-40
Cs-137
Th-232
Ra-226
Pb-210
Th-234

1Maravanthe Beach
22.38±1.49
BD
0.622 ±0.218
13.52±2.25
BD


2. Byndoor  Beach
55.07±1.99
BD
1.378±0.218
1.047±2.07
4.88±1.51


3.Kambadakone
41.945±1.61
BD
0.280±0.105
9.519±0.308
7.54±0.25
8.58±1.83

4.Tallur
62.78±1.97
BD
16.89±0.394
16.43±0.329
BD
17.58±2.41

5.Gangolli
41.76±1.59
BD
6.503±0.27
6.521±0.234
7.20±1.95
6.44±1.78

6Byndoor Hill
3.85±1.00
B.D
5.069±0.259
4.678±0.211
7.017±1.51
5.508±1.36


5. Analysis and conclusions:

We can see from Table1, Table 2 and Table 3 that average dosage rate people receive is quite normal. Only at Yedthady , Mandarthi and miraculous pond of Attur church the activity slightly high but at normal rate. The higher activity could be due to the presence of thorium  in the granite. Dosage rate at the beaches of Udupi district is quite low compared to hilly reagion. So there is no posibility of thorium content like Kerala or Ullal beach. ( Siddappa et all )
Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6 show that Radio Nuclide K-40 is present in all the soil samples in good amount and this radio nuclede is the main source which contributes for the sose rate that the people of udupi district receive. The value is quite high in Kemmannu and Karje area.
  The isotope cs-137 is present in very small quantity and almost BD in all the soils. Hence the contribution of this nuclide is negligible in the Udupi district.
The Radio isotopes Th-232, Ra-226, and Pb-210 are present in all the soil samples in a small quantity.