Sunday, March 16, 2014
Sunday, March 9, 2014
Right of Children to free and compulsory Education
Right of Children to free and compulsory
Education Bill 2009 was passed by Lok Sabha on 4th of August and
President of India has given her consent. Hence the bill which was pending from
2002 for various reasons has become the law of the land. Unfortunately
education is in the concurrent list of the constitution and states can have
their own laws. But most of the states have agreed to implement the most of the
provisions of the bill.
According to this bill, every
child of age 6 to 14 years has the right to get free education till 8th
standard in their locality. A child may be mentally differently-abled, physically
challenged, suffering from learning related disorders or economically
poor has a right to get free
education in any local school of any medium of instruction, either run by
the State or Central government. Even unaided private schools should reserve 25% of
the seats for such disadvantaged children. Unaided minority schools can reserve 50%
seats to their community but still, 25 % seats have to be reserved for disadvantaged
children. Government will reimburse the fee of these children to the
institution. Infrastructure of the schools must be disabled friendly.
According to this bill, receiving
donations from the children below the age of 14 is forbidden. This bill also prohibits oral or written tests and interview for these children for admission. A
child cannot be detained or dismissed from the class till the age of 14. .
Giving corporal punishment or mental torture is also prohibited. Teachers will
not be given any other work except census once in every ten years and election
duty. They will be available to teach the children. Giving tuitions at home
by the teachers is also forbidden.
School syllabus will be light. Qualified teachers will have to be appointed.
There must be sufficient facilities like toilets etc. especially for girls. Many parents
do not send their girl child to schools after they are have reached puberty due of lack of facilities in schools.
Why this Bill?
Even after 62 years of independence more
than 50 % of the children below the age of 14 are school drop outs or never went to school. Special children who
are mentally challenged or physically disabled are not sent to schools. . Only
12% of the children admitted to first standard reach graduation level. This
bill aims to increase this ratio to 15% by 2012 and 35% by 2020. Today
education is commercialized and only government and aided local language schools
are catering the education need of the poorer section of the society. Many schools do not have proper facilities
and study atmosphere. Many schools use illegal methods to get good results. Students who are expected to fail are detained in the lower class or asked to leave with a transfer certificate. Some are asked to answer the exam privately. This is a mental torture to those children and their parents.
Hence, HRD ministry has made 10th standard exam optional for central
schools. Many state schools are falling in line.
Challenges before the ministry
HRD minister and his ministry is doing a
commendable job by passing and implementing this bill. From 2011 10th Board
exams will be optional. In 2010 only grades will be given to 10th STD students and no marks card. But who will bell the cat? Today prestigious schools are run by
politicians, business houses, powerful religious congregations. These are either part of the government or
part of vote banks. If this bill is implemented in letter and spirit, a new era
will usher in India India
Popular courses after 10+2
Every parent
in India is worried and confused about choosing a course for their children
after 10+2. Many parents dream to see
their children become a doctor or an engineer.
They become desperate if this dream of theirs is not fulfilled. But there are other better options other than
these. The children should be allowed to make the choice of their education. A
graduation degree in any field, be it engineering or medicine or any other, is
not the ultimate goal of life. It is only a means to reach there. There are a
lot of unemployed engineers or doctors today because they just chose what
someone else wanted them to be. Everyone should give their goal a thought and
accordingly choose the education stream after PUC. For most of the high level
career in India in banking, insurance, railway, defense and civil services
graduation is the minimum requirement. A
BA graduate can become an IAS officer if he/she has determination, skill
and capabilities. Communication skills,
positive leadership qualities, literacy in computer are the other basic
requirements.
Popular courses after 10+2
These are the popular courses for Arts, Commerce and Science students after
10+2.
1. Law : Law is one of the
important profession in the world. National Law School of India University,
Bangalore and other 14 similar institutes in India produce best law graduates
in the world. They are selected on the
basis of CLAT( Common Law Admission test) after +2. There are other law colleges affiliated to
Universities or Law University where one do theis bachelors and masters in
Law. Later they can also write judiciary
exam and become judges. Lawyers and
judges become part of judiciary which is the pillar of democracy which controls
today even the legislature and executive power.
2. Buisness Management, Hotel Management and Hospitality Management and Tourism.
Hotel industry, Tourism
industry require a lot of manpower and therefore there is a lot of scope in
this field. This is a three and a half year course with good practical
knowledge. But one should be careful in
choosing the institution in which to study as today some institutions are using
education as a bait to make money. Choose the course through the entrance exam
National Council for Hotel Management or
a institution attached to a very good five star Hotel attached. Many colleges in Karnataka have degree
courses in Tourism. Most of the colleges
have BBM course.
3. Merchant Navy: If anyone is interested to travel world over
through sea then merchant Navy provides good opportunity. Shipping corporation
of India ( Mumbai) and many other private
players in Goa, Cochin, Madras are providing education in this field.
4. Journalism and Mass
communication: Today mass media
including print media is expanding in exponential rate and lot of man power
with skills and creativity is required.
There are institutions like Manipal Institue of Mass communication and
colleges offer mass communication degree courses. It is a good option for the students with language skills, communication and
artistic skills.
5. Social work: BSW leading to MSW
Opportunities for Science Students
1. Integrated Science
education:
(i)
B Tech in Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
Trivandrum: This institute offers 4
years B.Tech programme in Physics and students are absorbed in Indian Space
programme by ISRO. Selection through the
JEE entrance exam (60% weigtage) and annual exam.(40% weigtage)
(ii)
Integrated M S programme: Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for advanced scientific Research Bangalore,
Indian Institute of Astro-physics Bangalore conducts such programmes,. This five years course and students can
choose job or Research in reputed institutions.
Selection is through selection exam.
This course is to attract manpower to the reputed Science Research
Institutes.
2. Paramedical Courses:
i) B.A.S.L.P. : (Bachelor in Audiology
& Speech Language
Pathology)
- 4 years including 1 year Internship
Science or equivalent.
ii) Bachelor of Physiotherapy (B.P.T.) - 4½ years
including six months
iii) B.Sc. Medical Laboratory Technology – 3½ years
including 6 months
iv) B.Sc. Radiotherapy - 3½ years including 6
months Internship.
v)B.Sc. Medical Imaging Technology - 3½ years
including 6 months
vi)BSc.
(N&D) : Bachelor of Nutrition & Dietetics
vii) BSc.
(HC&M) : Bachelor of Health Care & Hospital Management
viii) BSc. (AHS) : Bachelor of Allied Health Science
3.
Nursing:
B Sc nursing followed by MSc M Phil and PH D
in nursing courses are available in our medical Colleges. Eligibility is PCB in
PUC.
4. B Pharma, M Pharma, M Phil and Ph D courses.
These courses are offered by Pharmaceutical colleges. Eligibility is PCB in PUC
5.
Agriculture:
The students with P C B combinations are admitted
to the following courses through CET. In
all these course further lead to MSc, Ph D and research.
i)BSc in Agriculture,ii) B Sc Sericulture iii) B
Tech Dairy,
iv)B
Sc in Horticulture
v)B Sc
in Forestry
vi)B
Sc in Fisheries
6 Veternary Science :
Even though it is a very old discipline now there is renewed interest because of lot of job opportunities and life style of people who want to live with pets. Students with PCB are eligible to this and admission is through CET. B V Sc degree holders also designated as doctors.
6 Veternary Science :
Even though it is a very old discipline now there is renewed interest because of lot of job opportunities and life style of people who want to live with pets. Students with PCB are eligible to this and admission is through CET. B V Sc degree holders also designated as doctors.
7 BSC
B Sc is versatile course leading to M Sc in Photonics, M Sc In Nano Science, M Sc in Bio Physics, M SC in
Bio Informatics etc. M Sc in Chemistry( Industrial chemistry, bio chemistry,
Applied Chemistry), MCA, PhD in
Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space science, Nanotechnology , Nuclear Energy,
Material Science etc. B Sc students also can join for engineering as lateral
entry( directly to third sem). A lot of
scholarships are also available from the govt to encourage basic science in
Physics, chemistry, maths , botony and Zoology.
8 B Sc in Design:
Fashion design, Ornament design, textile design, Interior design,
9. B SC Home Science
10. NDA
Highest
level defence personnel are selected through NDA exam after 10+2 science. They
will be trained given BSc degree of JNU Delhi and trained and inducted
into Air Force or Air wing of Navy.
11. Pilot
Science graduates are
admitted to Indira Gandhi Udan Institute where they will be given commercial
pilot license.
12. BCA
Bachelor of computer application and they can join lateral entry for MCA in
some institute like Manipal University.
Opportunities to Arts Students
Opportunities to Arts Students
General feeling is Arts is meant for slow learners only. But Arts is the backbone of the society. It
provides teachers, lawyers, literary people, artists, Psychologists,
Economists, Journalists, Mass communicators, Social workers and social scientists, government officials
to the society. Now there are variety of combinations for study in BA. B A with one of the following subjects will help to employment easily.
1. B A – Journalism, Mass
communication, Psychology, Counseling, Human Resource Development, Fine arts,
Literature( English, Kannada, Hindi),
Tourism, Computer Applications,
Geology, Geography, Human Right, International Relation, Labour & Social
Welfare, Corporate Mag, Corporator
Secretary, Criminology & Forensic Science, Music, Military Science.
Museology, Clinical Psychology. Applied Psychology Public Administration,
Public Relation, Rural Development, Visual Art,
Women Studies,
Opportunities Commerce Students
Now in the globalised world ,where everything is commercialized, commerce and acountancy plays a major role hence there are lot of opportunities in this sector. Small businesses to corporate world require specialized people in finance and accounts. But in this field opportunities for higher education and research are limited. B Com and BBM are the courses commerce the students can opt for after 10+2. Charted Accountant, Cost Accountants and company secretary are the prestigious and much demanded course which can be after PUC. But these courses are regular academic courses so can be pursued along with B Com or after B Com. Eventhough these courses are natural courses for commerce students, science students are also eligible to these. The students who want to be qualified as C A, Mathematics in PUC will help. Computer knowledge is also desirable. After the completion of the exam, they have to work as an article with a C A. It must also be remembered that pass percentage in All India level is less than 10%. At the post graduation level there are many specialized courses in finance, insurance, finance management, management ( MBA). Now a days demand to BBM is declining.
Now in the globalised world ,where everything is commercialized, commerce and acountancy plays a major role hence there are lot of opportunities in this sector. Small businesses to corporate world require specialized people in finance and accounts. But in this field opportunities for higher education and research are limited. B Com and BBM are the courses commerce the students can opt for after 10+2. Charted Accountant, Cost Accountants and company secretary are the prestigious and much demanded course which can be after PUC. But these courses are regular academic courses so can be pursued along with B Com or after B Com. Eventhough these courses are natural courses for commerce students, science students are also eligible to these. The students who want to be qualified as C A, Mathematics in PUC will help. Computer knowledge is also desirable. After the completion of the exam, they have to work as an article with a C A. It must also be remembered that pass percentage in All India level is less than 10%. At the post graduation level there are many specialized courses in finance, insurance, finance management, management ( MBA). Now a days demand to BBM is declining.
Wednesday, February 26, 2014
Terrestrial Gamma Radionuclides and Radiation Dose in Udupi District
1.
Introduction
The terrestrial sources of radiation
can be divided into those that occur singly and those that are components of
the three chains of radioactive series namely the uranium series, the thorium
series and the actinium series. Among the singly occurring radionuclides
Potassium-40 with half life of 1.3X109 years is the most prominent
one and it is widely distributed in rocks and soil.
Uranium-238
and Thorium-232 and their daughters generate the bulk of natural ionising
radiation in our environment.
Uranium-238 is the head of a series of 15 principal radionuclides . It is the most abundant (99.28%) isotope of
natural uranium and is found in all rocks and soil with varied concentration.
The 238U decays through 234U and 230Th to 226Ra,
which has a relatively long half life of 1628 years. 226Ra and its daughter products
constitute an important part of natural radiation exposure.
The
other major source of terrestrial radiation is 232Th and its decay
products. Thorium-232 is the only long lived radionuclide in its chain and is
widely distributed in rocks and soil in varied concentration.
The
radioactive decay of 40K and radionuclides of 238U and 232Th
series give rise to the terrestrial gamma rays.
In addition to the natural source of radiation
some of the present day technological activities enhance the natural radiation
exposure to human population. The production of electric power through oil and
coal power stations release radio nuclides like Uranium, Thorium and K-40
mailnly due to escape of fly ash.
The coastal Karnataka is witnessing rapid
industrialization and power generation activities by Nuclear as well as Thermal
Power stations which are coming up in the region. There fore it is important to
ensure that the impact of these scientific and industrial endeavors on the
environment are kept minimum and systematic studies are under taken to safe
guard the environment.
This is
the first systematic and comprehensive study in the Udupi District which is the
Coastal District of Karnataka which consists of a number of beautiful
beaches and where a controversial
Thermal Power plant is coming up.
2. Objectives
The main
objective of the present investigations are
- To evaluate the gamma radiation
dose to the population of Udupi district
- To measure the concentrations of 226Ra,
232Th and 40K in soil/sand and
- To calculate the contribution of
cosmic radiation to the radiation dose received by the population
The data on
above aspects would help in establishing a reliable data base on baseline level
of radiation and distribution of different primordial radio nuclides for Udupi
District and would help to understand the dynamics of natural radiation
background of the region. This baseline data would also help in assessing, in
future, the impact of our scientific and technological endeavors on the
environment.
3.Area covered:
Selection of Soil Samples:
·
Udupi District consists of
three taluks namely Coondapur, Udupi and Karkala. Coondapur, Udupi are coastal
taluks while Karkala is hilly contains
granite rocks.
·
Radiation is measured in 60
places in Udupi Taluk, 12 places in Karkala Taluk and Places in Coondalpr taluk.
·
25 soil samples from Udupi
Taluk, 6
soil samples from Karkala Taluk qand 6 soil samples from Coondapur
Tauk were selected . The total extend is about 150 Km. The area
covers sea shores some of them are very famous tourists spots, pilgrimage
centres and hilly regions. The are also
covers the places where major Industries are coming up like Nandikoor near Padubidri
and Brahmavar.
4 Experimental
method:
4.1 Dosi
meter
The gamma exposure rate in
air were measured using a portable gamma level survey meter procured from Nucleonix
Systems (Hyderabad
The
instrument was factory calibrated. The gamma radiation levels were measured at
a height of 1m from the ground level. Several measurements were made in a
single region so as to get a representative reading of gamma radiation level
prevailing in the region. The radiation exposure levels were converted into
absorbed dose in air using appropriate conversion factor (Nambi et al., 1986).
4.2
Sample
processing
All
samples were processed following the standard procedure (EML Procedure Manual,
1983). Soils were well mixed after removing extraneous materials such as roots,
mat portions, pieces of stones and gravel. Samples were weighed and then dried
in an oven at 105°C for 24 h and re-weighed to find the water content. After
mixing thoroughly, the samples were shaken in a sieve shaker and particle sizes
of <250 250="" 30d="" a="" allow="" and="" containers="" factions="" for="" in="" microns="" minimum="" ml="" obtained.="" of="" period="" plastic="" samples="" sealed="" sieved="" stored="" sup="" to="" were="">226
4.3 226Ra, 232Th
and 40K determination
The activities of 226Ra, 232Th
and 40K were determined by gamma spectrometry employing a 41%
relative efficiency n-type low background HPGe detector having a composite
carbon window (Canberra , USA Canberra ,
USA Compton
3. Results and Discussion:
Table 1
Terrestrial
Radio Nuclides Concentration (Bq\Kg) in
the soil of Udupi District and Gamma Dose rate
Place
|
K-40
|
Th-232
|
Ra-226
|
Gamma Dose rate nGy\h
measured directly using gamma dose survy
meter nGy\h
|
Gamma Dose rate calculated from radio
nuclide activities nGy\h
|
1.Kodavoor
|
73.0
|
26±1.0
|
34.9±0.0
|
79
|
35
|
2.Cherkady
|
219.2
|
44.9±1.2
|
26.1±0.9
|
79
|
48
|
3.Kakkunje
|
128.8
|
43.6±1.3
|
42.9±1.1
|
105
|
52
|
4.Karje
|
493.5
|
14.8±0.8
|
6.1±0.7
|
105
|
32
|
5.Kukke Halli
|
108.6
|
24.8±0.9
|
19.7±0.7
|
105
|
29
|
6.Dupadakatte
|
124.5
|
51.7±1.3
|
44.2±1.0
|
88
|
57
|
7.Kemmannu
|
366.5
|
18.9±0.9
|
12.83±0.7
|
96
|
33
|
8.Barhmavar 9.Sugar Factory
|
89.9
|
25.28±0.9
|
29.4±0.8
|
88
|
33
|
10.Kallianpur
|
190.5
|
49.9±1.2
|
54.8±1.1
|
105
|
63
|
11.Pamboor
|
199.5
|
41.3±1.2
|
34.7±0.9
|
114
|
49
|
12.Shivally
|
183.8
|
38.9±1.1
|
55.1±1.1
|
123
|
57
|
13.Nejar
|
194.8
|
51.4±1.3
|
63.5±1.1
|
96
|
69
|
14.Tenkanidiyur
|
222.6
|
26.9±0.9
|
17.9±0.8
|
79
|
34
|
15.Hebri (Near Karje)
|
202.3
|
79.3±1.7
|
48.6±1.2
|
70
|
79
|
16.Yedthady
|
137.0
|
21.3±0.9
|
21.4±0.8
|
114
|
28
|
17.Kukkehalli North
|
119.7
|
28.1±0.9
|
23.0±0.7
|
123
|
33
|
18.Kokkarne
|
72.9
|
29.3±0.8
|
15.1±0.6
|
105
|
28
|
19.Hebri Nisargadama
|
254.1
|
47.2±1.2
|
30.8±0.9
|
105
|
53
|
20.Perampalli
|
92.8
|
40.7±1.2
|
48.9±1.0
|
123
|
51
|
21.Herror
|
105.1
|
27.0±0.8
|
43.5±0.8
|
88
|
41
|
22.Cherkady
|
256.6
|
53.4±1.4
|
26.2±1.0
|
79
|
55
|
23.Malpe Sand
|
231.7
|
2.31±0.5
|
2.6±0.4
|
70
|
12
|
24.Hoode sand
|
84.3
|
88.8±1.6
|
41.1±1.0
|
70
|
76
|
25.Nandikoor
|
171.1
|
6.9±1.6
|
21.8±1.0
|
88
|
21
|
26.Nakre
|
213.9
|
118.9±1.8
|
38.9±1.0
|
114
|
99
|
27.Ajekar
|
323.1
|
166.2±2.2
|
78.0±1.4
|
112
|
150
|
28.Karkala
|
230.6
|
60.9±1.3
|
53.9±1.3
|
114
|
71
|
29.Bailur
|
477.1
|
47.0±1.2
|
33.8±1.0
|
114
|
64
|
30.Nitte
|
190.6
|
37.1±1.1
|
28.4±0.9
|
70
|
43
|
31.
|
57.4
|
1.6±0.6
|
1.2±0.5
|
53
|
40
|
32.
|
155.5
|
62.1±0.3
|
19.7±0.9
|
61
|
53
|
33.Kambadakone
|
127.1±4.9
|
28.8±0.9
|
22.7±0.8
|
79
|
33
|
34.Tallur
|
179.3±5.6
|
48.3±1.1
|
46.9±0.9
|
79
|
38
|
35.Gangolli
|
119.3±4.5
|
18.6±0.8
|
18.6±0.7
|
114
|
25
|
36.Byndoor Hill
|
11.8±2.9
|
14.9±0.8
|
13.8±0.6
|
96
|
16
|
4.4
Natural radionuclides distribution in soil
The natural radionuclides activity in surface soils (0-5cm
depth) of Udupi and Karkala and Kundapur
region are presented in Table 1. Results are presented region wise and range
and mean value for each region as well as the overall range and mean values for
the entire study region are also presented in the table. The activity of 226Ra
is in the range 2.6. to 63.5. Bq kg-1 with a mean value of 30.91Bq
kg-1, 232Th in the range 6.9. to 126 Bq kg-1
with a mean value of 30.19 Bq kg-1 and that of 40K in the
range73 to 493 Bq kg-1 with a
mean value of 180.8. Bq kg-1 in the surface (0-5cm) soils. The results of radioactivity measurement in
sand samples collected from sea shore also showed similar variation as that observed
in soil samples of the region. A comparison of the activities of different
radionuclides observed in the present study with those reported for other
environs showed that the activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K
are comparable with those reported for other parts of India
Gamma
absorbed dose rates
The
gamma absorbed dose rates in air measured using the plastic scintillometer,
which includes both terrestrial and cosmic ray components, are presented in
Table 1, column 5. It can be seen that
absorbed dose rates vary from 60… nGy h-1 to 158 nGy h-1,
with a mean value of 91.31. nGy h-1. The dose rates were found to be
more or less uniform in the entire study region with results of individual
locations flucatuating around the mean value of the entire region. The mean
value of dose rates prevailing in south west coast of India is comparable with
the mean values of 80.7 nGy h-1 (Mishra and Sadasivan, 1971) and
88.7 nGy h-1 (Nambi et al.,
1987) reported for different regions of India and also with the mean value 74 nGy
h-1 (Siddappa et al., 1994) reported
for environment of Coastal Karnataka region. The dose rates are also comparable
with the world range (28-120 nGy h-1) and the average value (56 nGy
h-1) reported for normal background areas (UNSCEAR, 1993).
From the results of 226Ra,
232Th and 40K activities in soil (Tables 1) the gamma
dose rates in air were calculated using the dose coefficients (nGy h-1
per Bq kg-1) 0.461, 0.623 and 0.0414 given in UNSCEAR (1993) for 226Ra
sub-series, 232Th series and 40K, respectively and by
assuming secular equilibrium between 238U and 226Ra. It
may be noted that about 98% of the external dose from 238U series is
delivered by 226Ra sub-series. Therefore, the disequilibrium between
226Ra and 238U, if any, does not affect the dose estimation from the concentration of
226Ra. Therefore the dose rates derived from 226Ra are
presented as that of 238U. Further, for a typical radiation field,
the layer of soil which makes the predominant contribution to external gamma
dose above the ground is about 30 cm thick (UNSCEAR, 1977). The results of
these calculations are summarized in Table
(column 5).
{The absorbed dose from 238U
sereis varies in ….. to …. nGy h-1 with a mean value of …… nGy h-1.
The dose rate due to 232Th series varies from ….. to …. nGy h-1
with a mean value of …… nGy h-1. Similarly, the minimum and maximum
values of dose rates due to 40K are, respectively ….. nGy h-1
and …… nGy h-1, the mean value being …… nGy h-1. The dose
delivered by these radionuclides, in total, range from ….. to ….. nGy h-1
with a mean value of 44.4 nGy h-1 (column 2). This mean value of
total absorbed dose rate matches well with the world average value of 44.4 nGy
h-1 reported in UNSCEAR (1988).
The percentage contributions of 238U,
232Th and 40K to the external dose rates in air are given
in column 6-8 of Table 5. The mean values are …… and ……% for 238U, 232Th
and 40K, respectively. Mishra and Sadasivan (1971) have reported
these percentage contribution in the order of 17.7, 33.6 and 48.7 due to 238U,
232Th and 40K, respectively for Indian environs. UNSCEAR
(1982) has reported the world wide average values for the relative
contributions from 238U, 232Th and 40K gamma
dose rates in air to be about 25%, 40% and 35%, respectively. It is interesting
to note that the contribution of 40K to the dose is significantly
less in the region under present investigation.
(This calculation I shall add later)
The correlation between the absorbed
dose rates in air computed from the measured concentrations of 226Ra,
232Th and 40K and that measured directly using the scintillometer
is shown in Table in the column 5. It should be noted that measured dose
rates includes both terrestrial and
cosmic ray components whereas the calculated dose rates shown is purely due to the activities of 226Ra,
232Th and 40K in soil. The correlation indicates that the overall mean cosmic ray
dose rate, shown by the intercept on scintillometer axis, is ……nGy h-1.
This is higher/lower/comparable with the value of 32 nGy h-1
reported in UNSCEAR (1993) as also with the value 31.96 nGy h-1
reported for India at sea level (Nambi et
al., 1986). }
7.0
Conclusions
Gamma
Absorbed Dose rates in Udupi Taluk
Sl No
|
Place
|
Exposure Rate
nGy/h
|
|
1
|
Physics Department
|
123
|
|
2.
|
College Ground
|
105
|
|
3
|
Kallianpur
|
105
|
|
4
|
Near
|
105
|
|
5
|
Doopada Katte(Brahmavar)
|
88
|
|
6
|
Brahmavar( Brahmavar Chemicals)
|
88
|
|
7
|
UppinaKote
|
96
|
|
8
|
Mabukala ( Near River)
|
61
|
|
9
|
Saligrama
|
70
|
|
10
|
79
|
||
11
|
Bannadi
|
79
|
|
12
|
Girike Mata
|
88
|
|
13
|
Saibra Katte
|
96
|
|
14
|
Barkur
|
96
|
|
15
|
Yedthady
|
114
|
|
16
|
Near Mandharthi
|
105
|
|
17
|
Mandharthi
|
96
|
|
18
|
Kadoor
|
88
|
|
19
|
Kokkarne
|
105
|
|
20
|
Sural
|
96
|
|
21
|
Amuje(Karje)
|
70
|
|
22
|
Kannaru(Near Karje)
|
105
|
|
23
|
Petri
|
114
|
|
24
|
Cherkadi
|
79
|
|
25
|
Ammuje (Near Karje)-2
|
70
|
|
26
|
Chantharu
|
88
|
|
27
|
Brahmavar
(Near West Cost Chemicals)
|
105
|
|
28
|
Kolalgiri
|
105
|
|
29
|
Tenkabettu
|
105
|
|
30
|
SubasNagar
|
114
|
|
31
|
Pajaka
|
114
|
|
32
|
Padubelle
|
114
|
|
33
|
Manasa
|
114
|
|
34
|
B.C Road
|
88
|
|
35
|
Manchakkal
|
96
|
|
36
|
Bantakkal
|
88
|
|
37
|
Shankarpura
|
105
|
|
38
|
Katpady
|
105
|
|
39
|
Nittur
|
105
|
|
40
|
Puttur
|
79
|
|
41
|
Kodavur
|
96
|
|
42
|
70
|
||
43
|
61
|
||
44
|
96
|
||
45
|
Tottam
|
88
|
|
46
|
Badanidiyur
|
79
|
|
47
|
Gujjar Bettu
|
70
|
|
48
|
70
|
||
49
|
Kemmannu
|
96
|
|
50
|
Kelarkalabettu
|
96
|
|
51
|
Kaup Light House
|
105
|
|
52
|
79
|
||
53
|
Uchila
|
114
|
|
54
|
Padubidri
|
70
|
|
55
|
Nandikur(Nagarjuna)
|
88
|
|
56
|
Hiriyadka
|
105
|
|
57
|
Athrady
|
114
|
|
58
|
Parkala
|
105
|
|
59
|
Manipal(End Point)
|
105
|
|
60
|
Perampalli
|
123
|
|
Absorbed Dose in Karkala Taluk
Sl No
|
Place
|
Exposure Rate
nGy/h
|
1.
|
Santhoor
|
88
|
2
|
Belman
|
96
|
3
|
Kedinge
|
88
|
4
|
Nitte
|
70
|
5
|
(Miraculous Pond)
|
158
|
6
|
Attur Hill
|
114
|
7
|
Anekere
|
88
|
8
|
Gomateshwara Hill
|
123
|
9
|
Kukkundoor
|
96
|
10
|
Jarkala
|
123
|
11
|
Bailur
|
114
|
12
|
Guddeyangadi
|
114
|
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